Modal Thought

Jonathan Phillips 2026

Introduction

Thought about possibilities—modal thought—is central to our lives.

Background

In prior work I argued for a single unified representation of possibility (Phillips & Knobe, 2018).

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Exploring possibilities

Here’s an example of how the quality of possible actions change as more are generated.

Figure 1. Ratings of generated options by generation number, broken down by Probability, Morality, and Normality. Boxes show median and interquartile range; points show individual ratings (jittered); lines show the linear trend for each rating type.

Visualizing possibilities

Each action participants generated can be placed in a three-dimensional space defined by its rated probability, morality, and normality. Points are colored by generation number — whether the action was the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth option the participant thought of.

References

Phillips, J., & Knobe, J. (2018). The psychological representation of modality. Mind & Language, 33(1), 65–94.